Martin Luther s Jr And The Christian Believer Free

Martin Luther’s three major treaties were â€Å"attempts to persuade Pope Leo X and Roman Catholics that the theology of the Reformation was not a novelty in the faith, but a pure confession of the Word of God and consistent with the truth of the Holy Scriptures† Each one focused on various practices and beliefs of the Catholic Church that Martin Luther deemed were wrong. One of Martin Luther s three major treatises, On A Freedom of a Christian, reprimands the widely held Christian belief that good works justified our salvation. Martin Luther had hoped that his writings would educate and remind the people and religious officials that salvation stems from our faith. Faith should not be categorized as a virtue but rather a trust in God in which one builds when they encounter the trials and temptations in life. Therefore, it is the Gospel, the word of God, that sets the Christian believer free. However, this new insight had led people to believe that both faith and good w orks is necessary for justification. Martin Luther wanted to separate the truth from the false teachings. Therefore, Martin Luther explains that although the Christian is freed good works are still compulsory because it’s function is to help Christians discipline themselves in order to better serve the needs of their neighbor as long as they have the faith first in order for their works to be considered good and pleasing to God. The purpose of good works is not for the sake of justification but rather toShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail1641 Words   |  7 Pages Martin Luther King Jr.’s Letter from Birmingham Jail, there are lots of rhetorical strategies that he uses in response to the eight Alabama clergymen’s letter, A Call for Unity. The clergymen’s letter was criticising Dr. King’s civil rights demonstrations taking place in Alabama. The letter encouraged civil rights activists to negotiate instead of protesting and King’s letter responded arguing that it is necessary for them to take civil action and counters their claim by using ethos, asking rhetoricalRead MoreMartin Luther Kings I Have a Dream Speech1849 Words   |  8 Pages Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. He was born into a society that treated him inferior to white people just because he was African-American. As a bright young boy in a diminishing culture, his father reassured him that he was just as good as anyone else. He was determined to work hard, and demonstrate his equality regardless of race. He set out to be the best he could be and graduated high school at the early age of fifteen. Martin Luther King Jr. thenRead MoreEssay Life and Work of Martin Luther King Jr.2061 Words   |  9 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. was a civil rights activist from the 1950’s to 1968 with a strong religious background. A strong advocator for all minorities, King did all in his power to end barriers of community; poverty, racism and militarism. The principle he focused more on, however, was racism. King defined racism as prejudice, apartheid, ethnic conflict, anti-Semitism, sexism, colonialism, homophobia, ageism, or discrimination against disabled groups and stereotypes. Later turning his efforts toRead MoreBible Versus the Toran12356 Words   |  50 PagesPILLARS OF ISLAM COMPARED TO THE TEN PAGE 29 -34 COMMANDMENTS VIII. COMPARING THE LIFE OF TWO AFRO-AMERICANS (1) MALCOM X - ISLAMIC MUSLIM/QURAN PAGE 35-43 8 (2) MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. - CHRISTIAN/BIBLE PAGE 44-48 9 (3) BOTH MENS POLITICAL VIEWS ON VIOLENCE AND PAGE 49-56 CHANGE IN SOCIETY (4) THE STRONG CONNECTION BETWEEN BOTH MEN PAGE 57 (1) I amRead MoreTheology of the Book of Romans4654 Words   |  19 Pagesthe first seven chapters. Martin Luther wrote in his Commentary on Romans: The Gospel is called the power of God in contradistinction to the power of man. The latter is the (supposed) ability by which he, according to his carnal opinion, obtains salvation by his own strength, and performs the things which are of the flesh. But this ability God, by the cross of Christ, has utterly declared null and void, and now gives us His own power by which the spiritual – (the believer) – is empowered unto salvationRead MoreThe Influence of Martin Luther King Jr.3372 Words   |  14 PagesMartin had many influences throughout his life, many of which would shape his rhetoric, and the way he handled himself and those around him. Martin’s influences could be traced back to three things: his parents and home life, his education, and then his own personal experiences with racism. These three topics shaped Martin and his views on racism, and they were also what made him the most respected and the most admired Civil Rights Leader of his time. Martinâ€⠄¢s Parents and Home Life MartinRead MoreEssay about The Sixties3137 Words   |  13 Pages Hubert Humphrey once stated, â€Å"When we say, ‘One nation under God, with liberty and justice for all,’ we are talking about all people. We either ought to believe it or quit saying it† (Hakim 111). During the 1960’s, a great number of people did, in fact, begin to believe it. These years were a time of great change for America. The country was literally redefined as people from all walks of life fought to uphold their standards on what they believed a true democracy is made of; equal rights forRead MorePoverty and the American Dream4620 Words   |  19 Pagesmany Americans as not only an American pursuit, but also many Americans, most especially those citizens that identify themselves as Christians see this pursuit as a Christian right of passage. In the catechesis of Christian language the American dream has become synonymous with the being a Christian. In the minds of many Americans the American Dream is a Christian reward to faithfulness. The proliferation of the American dream through the vehicle of the â€Å"Prosperity Gospel† is a cause for theRead MoreNot The Final CHHII 665 Essay4221 Words   |  17 PagesJason J. Graffagnino, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the completion of CHHI 665 – B04 History of Baptists by Elizabeth Linz Barthelemy March 6, 2015 Contents Introduction 1 The Baptist Origin 2-3 The First Baptists Believers in America 3-4 Significant Names of Baptist Leaders 4-5 The American Baptist Contribution to â€Å"Religious Liberty† 6-7 Rhode Island 7-8 Plymouth 9 Pennsylvania 10 The Baptist’s Struggle for â€Å"Religious Liberty† 10-12 ConclusionRead MoreThe, Death And Blind Sheep3005 Words   |  13 Pagessuccumb to the excruciating heat of hell? The God who tells me that He would, uphold you with my righteous right hand, (Isa 41:10) yet allow a non-believer who has been unable to meet him fail. What about my free will and does it exist? It makes me think of a Martin Luther King quote that says, The time is always right to do what is right. (King Jr.) Well Dr. King, But is this a true statement? These are the thoughts that come to mind when deciding to choose this topic and it should be noted that

Drug Addicted Babies - 2972 Words

Keelana Char English 155 Ms. Mendiola 19 September 2012 Drug Addicted Babies The use of illicit drugs and abuse of alcohol exact a steep price from our society. Substance abuse is a factor in many serious ills such as crime. More upsetting, however, is the affects that it has on children born affected from their dependent mothers. The National Institute on Drug Abuse estimates that 60 percent of women of childbearing age consume alcoholic beverages despite the fact that alcohol consumption during pregnancy is implicated in a wide range of birth defects and developmental disabilities, including mental retardation, physical abnormalities, and visual and auditory impairments. (Nevitt, 1996) Since most drug users are in the child bearing†¦show more content†¦Because lack of emotional stimulation and feedback can literally turn off the infant production of growth hormone, these cases are often the most severe. Severe non-organic failure to thrive is potentially fatal. Infant malnutrition develops starvation or overwhelming sepsis. Non -organic failure to thrive is associated with severe maternal depression or other serious mental illness, maternal substance abuse, or severe sociopathic personality disorder. (Van, 1977) Infants who were exposed to alcohol and/or drugs may exhibit this disorder, which is characterized by a loss of weight, or slowing of weight gain, and a failure to reach developmental milestones. This can be due to medical and/or environmental factors. The infant’s behavior includes poor sucking, difficulty in swallowing, and distractibility. Many of these children live in chronically dysfunctional families, which place them at greater risk of parental neglect. (Van, 1977) Within seventy-two hours after birth, many infants who were exposed prenatally to drugs experience withdrawal symptoms, including tremors and irritability. Their skin may be red and dry; they may have a fever, sweating, diarrhea, excessive vomiting, and even seizures. SuchShow MoreRelatedA Case With The Drug Addicted Babie s1836 Words   |  8 Pagesbut I’ve been praying for you for months. See, a few months ago my baby and I were seated next to the nicest woman at the hair salon and we ended up chatting for a couple of hours. She was overflowing with love for this little one that was still shaking with tremors from becoming addicted to drugs while in his mother’s womb. As she described him and the therapy and the fussiness and all of the appointments and care this tiny baby needed she spoke with such hope that all of this love and care wouldRead MoreBabies Born Addicted to Drugs and the Side Effects Essay2050 Words   |  9 PagesIn today’s society people are talking about babies being born to drugs, and how could a mother do that to their unborn child. Drug addiction is a very serious issue that needs more research. 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Supreme Court Case1146 Words   |  5 Pagessays that eight million children have a parent that is addicted to substances as well. Now, most laws do protect the baby from a drug addicted mother, mainly in the event of a stillborn. While having a baby with brain damages and problems caused by the mother’s substance abuse, the mother will also suffer complications during childbirth (Sarah Blustain). Barry Lester found that 320,000 pregnant women suffer from alcoholism or the use of drugs. He views that their punishment is based on what societyRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Abuse On The Body And Mind1271 Words   |  6 Pagesto their young to stay away of drugs because they are â€Å"bad† what they do not say is that drugs can become a serious addiction and cause serious complications. Drug abuse is a serious concern in today’s society; at this day and age just about anyone is doing or has been near drugs in their lifetime. 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This issue is similar to the argument on whether abortion should be legal or not, because both situations can kill the baby while it’s still in the womb. Women who use drugs while pregnant should be tried for child abuse. First of all, taking drugs while pregnant can lead to irreversible birth defects or even death. It is said by the National Institute on Drug Abuse that smoking tobacco or marijuanaRead MoreYou Walk Into A Nicu1177 Words   |  5 Pagesthe halls it is quiet and warm. You continue passing rooms of isolettes and tiny babies. As you near the end of the hall you start to hear the shrill scream of an infant. You look in to see a newborn infant alone in a big room. The cry is one of pain and the baby is inconsolable. The infant’s skin is mottled, its reflexes are hyperactive, and it is breathing rapidly. You are looking at a baby that was born addicted to heroin. 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A drug is a substance that modifies one or more of the body’s functions when it is consumed. It is often mistakenly assumed that drug abusers lack moral principles

Oil And Gas Industry Social Licence To Operate - Click to Get Sample

Question: What do you understand by the term social licence or social licence to operate in the context of the oil and gas industry? With reference to examples discuss how the concept of social licence to operate is significant for oil companies? Answer: Introduction Social license to operate (SLO) refers to the approval and acceptance level by stakeholders and local communities to accept the projects going on in an oil and gas industries (Black 2013). According to the recent trend of corporate social responsibilities oil and gas industries must need permissions from the government as well as from the society to conduct their mining projects. This report is focused on the operations of social license tool in oil and gas industries to manage their socio-political risks and challenges. Oil and gas industries recently face serious problems related to hydraulic fracturing; as a result oil and gas explorations are increasing day by day (Cotton, Rattle and Van Alstine 2014). Therefore, development of social license is a very vital aspect for company's long-term profit and good reputations. In the following sections, some specific areas will be identified to apply these social license policies. Social License in Oil and Gas Industry Oil and gas industries promised to older social and economic developments through capacity building and local contents, including providing education, energy, and technology transfer and job creation (Eccles and Serafeim 2013). With the support of local communities, these industries would be unable to precede their projects. Therefore, these industries are ready to adopt and maintain their social license policies with the approval of local communities and stakeholders to manage their social and environmental impacts. Through this social license, oil and gas industries create social values with additional activities (Epstein and Buhovac 2014). Now a day, most of the oil and gas companies engages the requirements of local contents into their regulatory frameworks. These conditions help to promote the brands of the organization to get the support from local communities and society. By the use of social license policies, companies can generate local strategies to achieve commercial as we ll as social benefits for the community as well as for the society (Esteves, Coyne and Moreno 2013). This social license operation engages community and social investment program which helps to build the positive and strong relationship with the local, national, regional stakeholders and enhance the opportunities for the community to get benefits from the oil and gas companies. Achieving and Granting Social License The social license is granted by operational process of industries and sites (Ford, Steen and Verreynne 2014). It can become so difficult to give the permission for the social license if the project of oil and gas industries has larger effects on the social, cultural and environmental resources. Figure 1: Social License Framework (Source: Henisz, Dorobantu and Nartey 2014, pp-1730) Since the last few years, researchers have been allowed to recognize the components of social license, which is comprised of social legitimacy, the credibility of the oil and gas project and absence or presence of trust. These elements are required to build the network of social license. The absence of legitimacy and credibility can reject a project. When a high level of trust between the employees and local community can be engaged in the oil and gas projects, the means of the social license can be justified. Social Legitimacy: This is based on the established social norms, which includes legal, cultural and social standards of the community. Oil and gas industries must understand and knows the community norms to work with the social requirements and approval (House 2013). In order to maintain this process, community members should be engaged in the project to provide effective decisions for future improvements. Credibility: Proper credibility can be created if the employees of the organization provide clear and true information to the local people and stakeholders about the projects, its effects and its impacts on the environment (Lacey and Lamont 2014). Credibility can be established and maintained with the use of formal agreement applications. These formal agreements are comprised of roles, responsibilities and rules of oil and gas companies are defined, negotiated and consolidated. The above framework of social license reduces the explosion risks generated from the oil and gas industries and manage the expectations of the local people. Trust: True trust can be occurred from shared experiences. Employees of the company, as well as the local community and stakeholders, should try to maintain a strong relationship between them (Lertzman, Garcia and Vredenburg 2013). The companies should always try to create greater opportunities for the local people beyond transactions to work together, collaborate and generate shared experience process so that companies will be able to grow towards large developments. Principles Necessary for SLO in Oil and Gas Industries In order to maintain and obtain social license operations, industries must build a strong relationship with the stakeholders. Some researchers recommend that oil and gas industries, mining companies, governments and local communities must undertake trilateral negotiation principles for the projects for better communication purposes (Maconachie and Hilson 2013). There is no such formula to maintain SLO, but some principles are needed to maintain strong relationships. Good relationships can be built on mutual respect, open communication, honesty, and disclosure of confidential information, engagement of stakeholders in the exploitation and exploration process of oil and gas industries (Noble et al. 2013). Oil and gas industries must be sensitive to the local norms, to create proper expectations, to develop fair resolution mechanisms. Security for Social License to Operate In today's low price gas and oil environment, security of social license is crucial for oil and gas companies. PWCs (Protecting License to Operate) strategies help to examine the internal and external obstacles and challenges faced by the companies and help to eliminate these problems forever. These obstacles occur from social obstacles such as local community resistance (Parsons, Lacey and Moffat 2014). Oil and gas industries are facing increased expectation from the customers to improve these problems for the good fare of the society. In order to maintain the security of SLO in oil and gas companies, the authorities of the organization must keep their commitments and promises and should respond to the communities' requests and concerns properly (Raufflet, Cruz and Bres 2014). Information and facts provided by the company should be understood by the stakeholders properly and communities engaged in the particular project must be treated as honest and responsible behaviors. Identification of the Areas to Use Social License Concept In order to use social license concept, shale development areas have been identified, which is facing challenges due to hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling processes. Shale development areas of oil and gas industries face threats and challenges from the local community due to the lack of legal license and social license (Small 2014). Local people and communities have addressed their concerns for the impacts generated from these shell resources such as increased noise, dust and air pollution (Williams and Walton 2013). Potential hazards such as personal health safety are consistent due to the technologies involved in this process. Figure 2: Environmental Impacts of Shale Gas Developments (Source: Lopez et al. 2013, pp-190) From the above statistical graph it has been indentified that shale gas developments has marginal affects on the environmental resources. The pollutants and hazardous gases generated from this industry can leads to environmental pollutions, however, advanced tools and technologies used in this process can minimize the impacts at greater extent. Hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling are two distinct technologies used in oil and gas industries for production and drilling operations. In horizontal drilling process, operator drills laterally by covering more surface area of shale resources (Mai et al. 2013). On the other hand, hydraulic fracturing allows the operator to inject sand, water, and chemical through a geologic formation process to make fractures in the rocks so that flow of gas and oil can be increased with low permeability. In this aspect, use of the social license in shale gas boom is vital, as its development is associated with the attention of regulators, industry, public and scholars. Theses shale resources are used to produce natural gas which is considered as the cleanest fuel energy in this growing world (Davidson et al. 2013). This natural gas has several uses in residents as well as in industries. Compared with other fuels it releases lesser harmful pollutants in the air and has fewer impacts on the environmental resources. But the production, drilling, exploration and consumption process of natural gas development are related with environmental footprint. From a survey, it has been discovered that drilling process and in the production of natural gas, groundwater became contaminated, air pollution is increased day by day due to the harmful release of methane and most importantly local communities are significantly affected (Bazilian et al. 2013). That is why it has become necessary to apply for social license at the grass root level of natural gas development-shale development. Therefore, the oil and gas companies, who want to develop their business with shale gas extraction project, must consider the social and environmental impacts for public acceptance (Arent et al. 2013). This social license is an advanced tool, by which companies will be able to manage socio-political threats and risks by enforcing some rules and principles suggested by their stakeholders. This will help to create a social contact with local communities to allow the gas development project and to continue it for social developments. While talking about this social license, it is very vital to identify appropriate and perfect stakeholders from whom this license can be earned (Ketilson et al. 2013). Stakeholders are a group of people who are affected or can create effects on the achievement of company's objectives. Therefore, oil and gas companies must consider this thing very carefully that in the evaluation process of social license involvement of proper stakeholders can create success or can fail a whole project. In the above section, conceptual elements of social license to operate have been drawn, and each of that has its significance in the oil and gas industries (Aitken et al. 2013). In order to achieve this license and potential supports from local communities and stakeholders, industries must establish three major rules which are credibility, legitimacy, and tru st. Legitimacy will help to spread awareness of this shale gas development process related to the local communities' concerns by following their local norms (official and unofficial), practices and customs (Poelzer et al. 2013). In order to establish this legitimacy process, oil and gas companies must present their legal status to inform the local people about the projects and its past success. Then they must approach the people to participate in the project to make proper plans and decisions for the company. The second rule is to establish credibility with honest promises and commitments. This can be achieved by providing authentic information about the gas development project to the consumers with transparent and consistent decision making process (Stern et al. 2014). A strong relationship cannot be built overnight; it needs trust. Credibility is the foundation of full trust, which contributes to drag more and more consumers towards their organizations. When people can easily trus t an organization that whatever, they are doing will be benefitted for the society and the humanity. Once, the oil and gas industry achieves trust from their local community people; their project will contribute to gain greater success on their projects beyond their imaginations. Figure 3: Measurement of Social License to Operate (Source: Bomberg et al. 2013, pp-8295) Based on the elements of the social license to operate, industries can achieve different levels of this process which comprises of acceptance, withdrawal, psychological identification and approval. However, psychological identification and approval of a gas development project are popular related with the evolution of license programs (Christopherson et al. 2014). Approval of shale gas boom development can be achieved if and only if Oil and Gas Company establishes both the credibility and legitimacy inside the organization. In this aspect, communities views will be prioritized first, which will help the industries to access the shale development resources with proper security and no risk is associated with the project (Goldstein et al. 2014). Psychological identification makes a strong relationship between the community and the authorities of the company to improve the projects for social as well as for environmental benefits. Conclusion Researchers and critiques have drawn an impactful conclusion from the assignment that social license to operate in oil and gas industries is very important to gain support from the local communities for achieving greater support. It is very vital to implement these kinds of rules in these industries because these organizations extract renewable and nonrenewable mineral resources for their gas development process, which has several issues related to depletion of natural resources and conservation of resources. Then, the explosion from these industries has greater potential risks to the humanity as well as to the society. Therefore, with the developments of proper credibility, legitimacy and trust with the stakeholders and local communities, these industries will be able to earn the social license in their organization for future developments of their projects as well as for greater potential opportunities for the organization as well. The rules and principles enforced by social licens e will relate internal risks with external expectations to achieve greater profit in future. References Black, L., 2013.The social licence to operate: your management framework for complex times. Do Sustainability. Cotton, M., Rattle, I. and Van Alstine, J., 2014. Shale gas policy in the United Kingdom: An argumentative discourse analysis.Energy Policy,73, pp.427-438. Eccles, R.G. and Serafeim, G., 2013. The performance frontier.Harvard business review,91(5), pp.50-60. Epstein, M.J. and Buhovac, A.R., 2014.Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Esteves, A.M., Coyne, B. and Moreno, A., 2013. Local Content Initiatives: Enhancing the Sub-National Benefits of the Oil, Gas, and Mining Sectors.Rev. Watch Inst. Ford, J.A., Steen, J. and Verreynne, M.L., 2014. How environmental regulations affect innovation in the Australian oil and gas industry: going beyond the Porter Hypothesis.Journal of Cleaner Production,84, pp.204-213. Henisz, W.J., Dorobantu, S. and Nartey, L.J., 2014. Spinning gold: The financial returns to stakeholder engagement.Strategic Management Journal,35(12), pp.1727-1748. House, E.J., 2013. Fractured fairytales: the failed social license for unconventional oil and gas development.Wyo. L. Rev.,13, p.5. Lacey, J. and Lamont, J., 2014. Using social contract to inform social licence to operate: an application in the Australian coal seam gas industry.Journal of Cleaner Production,84, pp.831-839. Lertzman, D., Garcia, P. and Vredenburg, H., 2013. Corporate social responsibility in Latin Americas petroleum industry: a national oil companys strategy for sustainable development.International Journal of Business Innovation and Research,7(2), pp.185-208. Logan, J., Lopez, A., Mai, T., Davidson, C., Bazilian, M. and Arent, D., 2013. Natural gas scenarios in the US power sector.Energy Economics,40, pp.183-195. Maconachie, R. and Hilson, G., 2013. Editorial introduction: the extractive industries, community development and livelihood change in developing countries.Community Development Journal,48(3), pp.347-359. Noble, B., Ketilson, S., Aitken, A. and Poelzer, G., 2013. Strategic environmental assessment opportunities and risks for Arctic offshore energy planning and development.Marine Policy,39, pp.296-302. Parsons, R., Lacey, J. and Moffat, K., 2014. Maintaining legitimacy of a contested practice: how the minerals industry understands its social licence to operate.Resources Policy,41, pp.83-90. Raufflet, E., Cruz, L.B. and Bres, L., 2014. An assessment of corporate social responsibility practices in the mining and oil and gas industries.Journal of Cleaner production,84, pp.256-270. Small, M.J., Stern, P.C., Bomberg, E., Christopherson, S.M., Goldstein, B.D., Israel, A.L., Jackson, R.B., Krupnick, A., Mauter, M.S., Nash, J. and North, D.W., 2014. Risks and risk governance in unconventional shale gas development.Environmental science technology,48(15), pp.8289-8297. Williams, R. and Walton, A., 2013. The social licence to operate and coal seam gas development. A literature review report to the Gas Industry Social and Environmental Research Alliance (GISERA). March 2013. Retrieved 30 March 201

Worldwide Palliative Care

Question: Disuss about the Worldwide Palliative Care. Answer: Introduction The task is about Vera Biggs. Vera is a 76-year-old woman who has been admitted to the facility to receive a palliative care. The patient has been admitted to the palliative care to seek for medical intervention for the painful experiences she is undergoing. 10 years ago, the patient was diagnosed with a breast cancer. Upon the diagnosis, the patient underwent an auxiliary clearance and right mastectomy. This is the intervention that she was given to help in addressing the case of breast cancer she had been experiencing. Later, she underwent a surgical operation called metastases to help in removing the traces of cancer in her breasts. Admission Details and Description of the Illness At the time of her admission to the palliative care, the patient was assessed to be having a complex condition. Her cancerous condition has resulted into a severe anorexia. Meaning, she does not eat well because of a serious loss of appetite. This has led to a great weight loss because of the lack of essential nutrients in the body. Moreover, the patient was observed to be undergoing pains. Cancer has compelled her to undergo many pains that of course make life quite difficult for her. Lastly, the condition has negatively impacted on the patients day-to-day routine. It has made her patient to be immobile. She does not have enough strength to freely move around and discharge her normal daily activities like bathing. This is one way through which the illness has limited the patients life. Nonetheless, the patient does not have anyone to adequately care for her. From the records, the patient has two family members who can be responsible for providing her with the necessary care. However, this has not been happening because of the numerous challenges at home. Her only daughter is not available because she lives far away from her. In fact, she has no time to attend to her paining mother because she is caring for her own disabled daughter. Besides, it is quite unfortunate that her 80-year-old husband with whom she lives is not capable of properly attending to her. In fact, he suffers from mild dementia and cannot drive. This leaves the patient with no option rather than seeking for palliative care at the hospice. Application of Principles of Palliative Care and Palliative Approach Veras condition necessitates the provision of palliative care. Palliative care simply refers to the type of medical attention provided to the patients and family members of the patients with life-threatening conditions. The patient should be admitted to a hospice to be given a palliative care. This is a good strategy that will enable her to deal with the pains and improve the quality of her life. A part from helping the patient to reduce the pains and suffering she undergoes, palliative care will play a significant role in reducing the trauma and agony experienced by the patients family members (Storch, Starzomski, Rodney 2013). Palliative care will be essential in addressing the advanced cancer condition because it can relieve all the pains t causes to the patient (van der Steen et al 2014). Life-threatening illness does not only affect the patient, but the close family members as well. So, after assessing the condition of the patient, ascertaining the severity of the illness and providing the most appropriate intervention, the family members should also be attended to as well (Alliance World Health Organization 2014). To do so, the patients family members should be provided with psychological and spiritual support (Hsu, Coleman, Ross, Johnson, Fishman, Larson Reid 2012). Meaning, they should be counseled and provided with the necessary encouragement to accept the situation and boldly face it even if it results into the death of their loved one. This implies that the care should not only be limited to the patient alone, but should be extended to her elderly husband and the daughter. When providing palliative care to the patient, the healthcare providers should ensure that they comply with all the principles of palliative care (Quill Abernethy 2013). First, the patient and the family members should be ready to affirm life and consider dying as a normal stage in human life. In other words, palliative care should be viewed as an important exercise not exclusively aimed at the prevention of death. Instead, everyone should acknowledge that death is a reality and cannot be escaped (Bodenheimer Berry-Millett 2009). The only reason why palliative care is provided is to help in the reduction of pain, improving the quality of life and making life much comfortable right before death. This is what should be done to Vera. Secondly, palliative care providers should be guided by the principle that it neither delays nor speeds death. When a patient is admitted to a hospice, the goal is not to hasten or postpone death. A palliative care patient is supposed to be attended to so as to help in minimizing the magnitude of pain experienced (Gomes, Calanzani Higginson 2014). Palliative care is provided on the basis that it comfortably comforts a patient to death. So, even if the condition of the patient is deteriorating, the healthcare provider should not fail to effectively discharge his or her duties (Badland, et al 2014. Any case of negligence can result into an earlier death of the patient. When attending to Vera, the palliative care providers should take all the necessary measures to improve the quality of her life without unnecessarily delaying or hastening her death. The other principle to be applied while proving care to a patient with death-threatening condition is that palliative care should be provided with the goal of relieving the patient from pain and all the other distressing symptoms associated with the condition. When admitted to the hospice, Vera was in great pains. Her cancerous condition had subjected her to lots of sufferings. Therefore, what the palliative care providers should do to her is to ensure that all the pains experienced are eradicated (Ludman Von Korff 2012). To do so, the providers are supposed to take time to immediately assess her conditions to determine the level of pains before taking the necessary measures to provide her with the drugs, treatment s or any other appropriate intervention. Moreover, palliative care should be guided by the principle that it integrates the application of spiritual and psychological interventions. Matters related to death are quite metaphysical and can be best addressed by incorporating the element of spirituality. One of the ways of encouraging the patient to accept their condition is to let them know about the reality of death. In this regard, Veras intervention should not only be restricted to medication, but should be extended to cover psychological and spiritual therapy in line with her religious beliefs (Di Cesare, et al 2013). Such religious and psychological therapies should also be given to Veras family members. It can give them hope and eliminate any psychological distress associated with the end-of-life illness or an eventual death of their loved one. Lastly, palliative care should be based on the principle of activity. Meaning, it should be offered to the patients to support the patient to lead an active life up to the death point. Usually, end-of-life illnesses such as cancer hinder individuals from leading a normal active life. Many such patients are always inactive because the diseases render them unable to do normal activities like walking, talking, bathing and eating (Zimmermann et al 2014). One of the effects of palliative care to Vera is activity. If she gets the services required, Vera should be empowered to be an active individual who can walk and engage in daily activities like bathing (Stajduhar 2011). Should this happen, Vera would be helped to overcome the challenges that limit her from engaging in her normal routine. Social Support during Palliative Care Palliative care is a complex exercise that requires the contribution of different players. It is an interdisciplinary activity that requires the cooperation between different experts including doctors, palliative care specialists, general practitioners, general nurses, specialist nurses, personal care attendants, and allied healthcare professionals including occupational therapists, physiotherapists, social workers, psychologists, speech pathologists, dieticians, pharmacists, and spiritual advisers (Wright, Zhang, Keating, Weeks Prigerson 2014). Each of these professionals should cooperate with one another and work towards relieving the pain and sufferings experienced by the patient. At the same time, they should provide all the necessary psychological support to the family members and other carers (Katon, et al 2013). When doing all these, the palliative care providers should not fail to incorporate the use of patient-centered approach. This is a good strategy that will enable the patient and family members to receive holistic and satisfying services. The palliative care providers are expected to involve the patient and family members in the decision-making process. However, while doing all these, the patients autonomy, value and dignity should be upheld (Austin 2011). When this is done, the patients opinion would be sought and respected without any violation. So, since Vera said that she does not want to be resuscitated, all her care providers must respect her wish as long as it meets the required threshold. The patients life-limiting illness has negatively impacted on her and her family members. As a patient, Vera has had to endure a lot of pain. Besides, her normal life has been interrupted because of the limitations imposed on her by the illness. Although her family members do not personally undergo the painful experiences, they are psychologically affected by the illness of their loved one (Pratt Wood 2015). For this reason, all of them should be adequately attended to by the palliative care providers. While the patient should be given appropriate medical intervention, the family members should acquire counseling services from amongst other specialists, spiritual advisers, bereavement counselors, and social workers (Donato Segal 2013). So far, the syringe driver and sub-coetaneous morphine interventions recommended by the doctor are suitable for the patient and should not be changed. They can be instrumental in relieving the patients pains. Conclusion Palliative care is a noble approach that is so important to the life-limiting patients as well as their family members. Since Vera has been diagnosed with breast cancer, she deserves to be taken to a hospice to be given a palliative care. From her medical history, it is evident that the patient has been receiving medical attention for her cancerous conditions. However, the fact that she does not have reliable family members to care for her at home, she should remain in a healthcare facility to be attended to. However, to deliver quality and satisfactory palliative care to her, the care providers should adopt a palliative approach confined within the tenets of patient-centered care as well as interdisciplinary collaboration. This is the only way through which the patient and her family can receive adequate support to endure the painful experiences they are going through. References Alliance, W.P., World Health Organization, 2014, Global atlas of palliative care at the end of life. Worldwide Palliative Care Alliance: Lndon. Austin, W, 2011, The incommensurability of nursing as a practice and the customer service model: An evolutionary threat to the discipline. Nursing Philosophy, 12, 158-166. Badland, H., et al., 2014, Urban liveability: emerging lessons from Australia for exploring the potential for indicators to measure the social determinants of health. Social Science Medicine, 111, 64-73. Badland, H., et al., 2014, Urban liveability: emerging lessons from Australia for exploring the potential for indicators to measure the social determinants of health. Social Science Medicine, 111, 64-73. Bodenheimer, T., Berry-Millett, R., 2009, Care management of patients with complex health care needs, the Synthesis Project. Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Di Cesare, M., et al., 2013, Inequalities in non-communicable diseases and effective responses. The Lancet, 381(9866), 585-597. Donato, R. Segal, L. 2013, Does Australia have the appropriate health reform agenda to close the gap in Indigenous health?. Australian Health Review, 37(2), pp.232-238. Fairman, J. A., Rowe, J. W., Hassmiller, S., Shalala, D., 2011, Broadening the scope of nursing practice. New England Journal of Medicine, 364(3), 193-196. Gomes, B., Calanzani, N. Higginson, I.J., 2014, Benefits and costs of home palliative care compared with usual care for patients with advanced illness and their family caregivers. Jama, 311(10), pp.1060-1061. Hsu, C., Coleman, K., Ross, T.R., Johnson, E., Fishman, P.A., Larson, E.B., Reid, R.J., 2012, Spreading a patient-centered medical home redesign: A case study. Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 35(2), 99-108. Katon, W.J., et al., 2013, Collaborative care for patients with depression and chronic illnesses. New England Journal of Medicine, 363(27), 2611-2620. Ludman, E. Von Korff, M., 2012, Cost-effectiveness of a multicondition collaborative care intervention: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(5), 506-514. Pratt, M Wood, M. eds., 2015, Art therapy in palliative care: The creative response. Routledge: New York. Quill, T.E. Abernethy, A.P., 2013, Generalist plus specialist palliative carecreating a more sustainable model. New England Journal of Medicine, 368(13), pp.1173-1175. Stajduhar, KI, 2011, Chronic illness, palliative care, and the problematic nature of dying. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 43(3), 7-15. Storch, J., Starzomski, R., Rodney, P., 2013, Re-framing end of life decision making. In J. Storch, P. Rodney, R. Starzomski (Eds.). Toward a moral horizon: Nursing ethics for leadership and practice (2nd ed., pp. 333-357). Toronto: Pearson-Prentice Hall. van der Steen, J.T., et al., 2014, White paper defining optimal palliative care in older people with dementia: a Delphi study and recommendations from the European Association for Palliative Care. Palliative medicine, 28(3), pp.197-209. Wright, A.A., Zhang, B., Keating, N.L., Weeks, J.C. Prigerson, H.G., 2014. Associations between palliative chemotherapy and adult cancer patients end of life care and place of death: prospective cohort study. BMJ, 348, p.g1219. Zimmermann, C., et al., 2014, Early palliative care for patients with advanced cancer: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 383(9930), pp.1721-1730.

Dissociative Identity Disorder Essays (918 words) -

Dissociative Identity Disorder Max Denis April 28, 2000 From the Diagnosis and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, dissociative identity disorder (DID) is recognized as the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states that recurrently take control of the behavior. There is an inability to recall important personal information, the extent of which is too great to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness (1994). It is a kind of amnesia that repressed all the traumatic memories most of the time lived during childhood. The most frequent traumatisms that cause this disorder are the sexual abuse. The alter personalities are created to cope with intolerable abuse. They are characterized as sometimes having different age and gender. Some alters may be right-handed, others left-handed. Some alters may need different prescription glasses, have a specific food allergies, or show different responses to alcohol or medications (cited in the Wolrd of Psychology, Putnam et al.1986). The DIDSome of them could be really violent and i nflict self-mutilation. Problems sometimes occur in the diagnosis of the disorder. There are psychologists who incorrectly diagnosed the patients as depressed, epileptic or schizophrenic. These persons' therapies are not efficient so their lives continue on as before, unchanged. There are different treatments that have been created to heal the DID. The treatment used by Colin A. Ross relates a therapy which consists in current techniques that are used by many psychotherapists to cope with DID as the cognitive and the psychodynamic therapy. The therapy instored to treat the DID is divided in four stages. The first step of the theory consists on establishing rules and limits to create a specific relationship between the therapist and the client. The therapist must placed himself in a neutral position, he acts only as a consultant to avoid to become emotionaly involved in the therapy. This kind of therapy should be no longer than three hours a week, therapies that have a length than five hours a week and more are likely to be regressive and to increase dependency on the therapist. The purpose of the fist stage is also to evaluate if the client has another disorder and treat this before beginning the therapy. A client who has another disorder at the same time could be unable to progress in the treatment and succeed in his/her healing process. An example of this disorder could be a dependency to drugs or alcohol, an eating disorder or merely a depression. The second stage of the treatment is the most difficult one. The middle phase involves establishing interpersonality communication and cooperation, negotiating adaptive solutions to system problems, correcting cognitive errors, processing traumatic memories, and devising nondissociative coping strategies (Colin A. Ross, 1995). The essential of this phase consists of a rational, adult conversation. The patient has to recognize that he/she has more than one personality and what is the cause of having this disorder. It is conducted in a problem-soving mode, involving cognitive and psychodynamic techniques. Cognitive therapies assume that maladaptive behaviour can result from irrational thoughts, beliefs, and ideas, which the therapist tries to change (Wood, Wood, Wood & Desmarais, 1999). The cognitive therapy emphasises on present behaviors rather than what happened in the past as the psychodynamic therapy does. It is also based on the consciousness as opposed to the analysis of the unc onscious and repressed memories. The psychodynamic therapy is also well explained by Wood, Wood, Wood it has not been proved that any medication had a stabilizing effect. The next stage of the therapy is named the postintegration. This phase involves learning to cope with the loneliness, innability to "switch" when stress becomes

Free Essays on Drug Use

â€Å"Drug addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication detrimental to the individual and to society, produced by the repeated consumption of a drug (natural or synthetic)† (Szasz, 328). Since drug addiction is so detrimental to society, why would the legalization of drugs be a good idea? The legalization of drugs would only be benefiting those who are addicted, or it would only encourage new users and addicts. John Hospers thinks that drug use should be legalized as long as there is no great harm to others as a cause. Drugs cannot be used without the consequences of harming others, possibly hurting children and prompting their drug use, or recruiting new users to a certain kind of drug, and therefore, should not be legalized. John Hospers’ position states that all drugs should be legalized as long as there is an age limit on who can buy and receive these drugs. He believes there should be no laws at all against the use of the drugs, meaning that there is no limit to how much of the drug can be taken as long as the use of the drug does not harm anyone else. There are harms related to the illegality of drugs, such as crime, but â€Å"no one knows how much they would be reduced if drugs were legalized† (Wilson, 339). A great amount of money is involved also. In order for law enforcement to continue this war on drugs, billions of dollars must be spent each year. This is a large amount of money, but using this money in order to crack down on drug use is only to protect society. There are a few reasons why drug legalization could be a decent idea, but the harms that would result are too great, and therefore, John Hospers’ view about legalizing drugs does not hold strong. It is not possible to use a drug without posing a threat to others. Even if the person taking the drug does not intend for anything to happen, he or she may indirectly harm anyone he or she may come into contact with. Drugs have negative effects... Free Essays on Drug Use Free Essays on Drug Use â€Å"Drug addiction is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication detrimental to the individual and to society, produced by the repeated consumption of a drug (natural or synthetic)† (Szasz, 328). Since drug addiction is so detrimental to society, why would the legalization of drugs be a good idea? The legalization of drugs would only be benefiting those who are addicted, or it would only encourage new users and addicts. John Hospers thinks that drug use should be legalized as long as there is no great harm to others as a cause. Drugs cannot be used without the consequences of harming others, possibly hurting children and prompting their drug use, or recruiting new users to a certain kind of drug, and therefore, should not be legalized. John Hospers’ position states that all drugs should be legalized as long as there is an age limit on who can buy and receive these drugs. He believes there should be no laws at all against the use of the drugs, meaning that there is no limit to how much of the drug can be taken as long as the use of the drug does not harm anyone else. There are harms related to the illegality of drugs, such as crime, but â€Å"no one knows how much they would be reduced if drugs were legalized† (Wilson, 339). A great amount of money is involved also. In order for law enforcement to continue this war on drugs, billions of dollars must be spent each year. This is a large amount of money, but using this money in order to crack down on drug use is only to protect society. There are a few reasons why drug legalization could be a decent idea, but the harms that would result are too great, and therefore, John Hospers’ view about legalizing drugs does not hold strong. It is not possible to use a drug without posing a threat to others. Even if the person taking the drug does not intend for anything to happen, he or she may indirectly harm anyone he or she may come into contact with. Drugs have negative effects...

Barriers to Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Barriers to Literacy - Essay Example Over the years different legislations have been passed by government to facilitate the literacy and learning environment but at times these laws become a barrier as laws are difficult to understand and implement. Also, there could be administrative barriers at school, college, university, and district and state levels. Multicultural environments pose barriers to learning and literacy as students seek companionship with the people of same background and language. Interactions among classmates who are from vastly diverse linguistic backgrounds are different from the students with mainly same ethnic or linguistic background. â€Å"Traditionally, some of the factors that restrict access to full literacy for language-minority students have included (a) xenophobic English-only movements (Donahue, 1995); (b) limited resources and personnel within ESL (August & Hakuta, 1997); (c) controversy about bilingual education (Faltis & Hudelson, 1998; Krashen, 1996); (d) differences about the durati on and type of language services children should receive (Collier, 1987); and (e) cultural and linguistic deficit models (Luke, 1986)† (Grant & Wong, 2003). Motivation of individuals for stirring the process of literacy and human development is considered one of the main barriers to learning. â€Å"For adult learners, however, learning is not usually an externally imposed, secondary role, but one that they freely choose. Adults learn to achieve both intrinsic (Bruner, 1966) and extrinsic rewards† (Dinmore, 1997).

Customer experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Customer experience - Essay Example When being given service, the customers will feel appreciated because the attendants will use etiquettes and respect the decision they make. In addition, the will feel appreciated by being given offers. Moreover, the customers will not be restricted. They will be allowed to see what is happening in the stores. This will make them feel important. Free services such as wifi will make the customers to spend even more time in the stores. The shop will show them various mobile phones and other technological gadgets. In addition, they will be informed of their distinct specifications. This will increase their level of confidence towards the products being offered. This is because they can be able to check whether the gadget being purchased meets the specific requirements. When solving a problem, the customers will feel engaged because they will be taken through the steps being used come into a conclusion. This will improve their confidence towards the shop. Once they purchase a product or even fail to purchase a product, they will feel important by being appreciated for taking their time to visit the shop. All these experience will play a significant role in increasing their confidence and changing their perception towards the shop. In addition, they will increase the customer loyalty towards the shop and products being sold

Intellectual Property Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Intellectual Property Law - Research Paper Example Intellectual Property Law In Two Pesos, the trade dress in contention was the â€Å"look and feel† that Taco Cabana, a successful chain of Mexican restaurants, had established over the years and which was allegedly copied by Two Pesos, a Mexican restaurant chain owned by a person who once approached the owners of Taco Cabana offering to take the restaurant’s concept nationwide, but was rejected. The â€Å"look and feel† allegedly copied includes the 24-hour patio cafà © concept, building and other features architecture, open kitchens and menu boards, among others. Taco Cabana brought an action for trade dress infringement and was granted relief by the trial court, a decision upheld by the Court of Appeals. On appeal, the SC harmonize the requirements between registered and unregistered marks stating that the requirements for the registrability of trademarks are also the same requirements in determining whether unregistered marks are entitled to protection. More significantly, the SC ruled that acquisition of secondary meaning of a trade dress is not necessary in cases where the trade dress is inherently distinctive. Accordingly, the Court ruled that it is inappropriate to impose upon inherently distinctive trade dress the requirement of secondary meaning on the following grounds: there is no rationale for enforcing additional requirements on trade dress because protection for both trademark and trade dress under the Lanham Act serves the same purpose of preventing both unfair competition and fraudulence.; the provision on trade dress in the Lanham Act, viz. s 43(a), does not justify a departure from traditional and established trademark test, and; imposing upon a trade dress the additi onal requirement of secondary meaning even if the trade dress is found to be inherently distinctive is contrary to the underlying objective of the Lanham Law which is the protection of both consumers and trademark holders. In Qualitex, the trade dress in issue was the green-gold color, which was plaintiff Qualitex’s color of its dry cleaning pads, a product it had been selling for more than thirty years. The defendant company began manufacturing and selling dry cleaning pads with the same color as that of Qualitex, a move that prompted the latter to bring an action for unfair competition against Jacobson before the courts and subsequently added trademark infringement after it successfully registered its dry pad color with the Patent and Trademark Office during the pendency of the case. The trial court decided in favor of Qualitex; the Court of Appeal reversed that decision on the ground that color per se is not registrable as trademark. This decision was not upheld by the SC on the ground that trademark is a broad term that comprises anything capable of giving meaning, according to the s 1127 of the USC Code, such as color. Section 45 of the Lanham Act requires the elements of ability to identify and distinctiveness as to the source of goods as requirements to registrability. Although color is not inherently distinctive, the SC asserted that it could acquire secondary meaning from frequent use over a long period of time that such color could represent, in the public mind, the identity

Effects of Exercise on Muscular System

Effects of Exercise on Muscular System Smooth muscle tissue, such as skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue, can undergo hypertrophy the increase in the volume of tissue due to the enlargement of its component cells. Smooth muscle fibres are usually involuntary i.e. not under conscious control, and they are nonstriated meaning smooth. In addition, certain smooth muscle fibres retain a capacity for division and can grow by a process known as hyperplasia, like those in the uterus of women. Cardiac Cardiac muscle tissue forms the bulk of the wall of the heart. Like skeletal muscle tissue, it is striated (the muscle fibers contain alternating light and dark bands (striations) that are perpendicular to the long axes of the fibers). Unlike skeletal muscle tissue, its contraction is usually not under conscious control (involuntary). Skeletal Skeletal muscle tissue is named for its location attached to bones. It is striated; that is, the fibers (cells) contain alternating light and dark bands (striations) that are perpendicular to the long axes of the fibers. Skeletal muscle tissue can be made to contract or relax by conscious control (voluntary). All skeletal muscle fibres are not alike in structure or function. For example, skeletal muscle fibres vary in colour depending on their content of myoglobin (myoglobin stores oxygen until needed by the mitochondria). Skeletal muscle fibres contract with different velocities, depending on their ability to split Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). Faster contracting fibres have greater ability to split ATP. In addition, skeletal muscle fibres vary with respect to the metabolic processes they use to generate ATP. They also differ in terms of the onset of fatigue. Based on various structural and functional characteristics, skeletal muscle fibres are classified into three types: Type I fibres, Type II B fibres and type II A fibres The different types of muscle fibres types of sports each is associated with Type I Fibres These fibres, also called slow twitch or slow oxidative fibres, contain large amounts of myoglobin, many mitochondria and many blood capillaries. Type I fibres are red, split ATP at a slow rate, have a slow contraction velocity, very resistant to fatigue and have a high capacity to generate ATP by oxidative metabolic processes. Such fibres are found in large numbers in the postural muscles of the neck. A sporting example of this could be a prop forward involved in a scrum in rugby. Type II A Fibres These fibres, also called fast twitch or fast oxidative fibres, contain very large amounts of myoglobin, very many mitochondria and very many blood capillaries. Type II A fibres are red, have a very high capacity for generating ATP by oxidative metabolic processes, split ATP at a very rapid rate, have a fast contraction velocity and are resistant to fatigue. Such fibres are infrequently found in humans. A sporting example of this is a sprinter such as Usain Bolt or a hurdler such as Colin Jackson. Type II B Fibres These fibres, also called fast twitch or fast glycolytic fibres, contain a low content of myoglobin, relatively few mitochondria, relatively few blood capillaries and large amounts glycogen. Type II B fibres are white, geared to generate ATP by anaerobic metabolic processes, not able to supply skeletal muscle fibres continuously with sufficient ATP, fatigue easily, split ATP at a fast rate and have a fast contraction velocity. Such fibres are found in large numbers in the muscles of the arms. A sporting example could be an Olympic weightlifter. How muscles produce movement in antagonistic pairs and the role of fixators and synergists There are up to four functional groups of muscles acting on joints. 1. Agonist: actively contract to make a movement. Muscle length reduces. 2. Antagonist: resists the muscle on opposite side, thereby controls the speed of the agonist muscle contraction. Thats why they say both agonist and antagonist muscles are working in pairs. Furthermore when the movement is reversed the original agonist becomes the antagonist and the original antagonist becomes the agonist. 3. Stabilisers: some muscles will hold the joint area stable while other three types of muscles are making a movement. 4. Modifiers: some muscles can slightly change the direction of force exerted by agonists dynamically Different types of muscle contractions Muscle Contractions can be divided into: Isotonic All lifting exercises require isotonic contractions. This happens when the muscle shortens as it contracts. An example of isotonic contraction can be seen when we flex the bicep muscle. Stand with one arm straight and the palm of the hand facing up. Roughly measure the length from the start of the biceps muscle to the point where it meets the shoulder. Now curl the hand towards the shoulder, the biceps muscle shortens as it contracts. When you reach the end point take another rough measurement of the biceps again, it will be much shorter. Another example is the triceps muscle (opposite of biceps). Do the same experiments again this time measure the triceps and start at the curled position. The triceps shortens as the arm straightens. Other examples are lifting objects above the head front shoulder (anterior deltoid) shortens lifting object up from lying position chest muscle shortens lifting body up from squat position quadriceps muscle shortens as legs extend doing a sit up throwing a ball swinging a bat Eccentric Eccentric contraction is the opposite of isotonic; the muscle lengthens as it gains tension. These are much less common and not as beneficial as the common Isotonic. An example is when someone manages to pull your arm straight while at the same time you are try to keep the arm locked in one position. In other words, the load is too great! Other examples are running downhill walking downstairs landing on the ground from a jump Isometric An Isometric contraction occurs when there is tension on a muscle but no movement is made causing the length of the muscle to remain the same. This type of contraction is also referred to as a static contraction. Some bodybuilders make up their own exercises using Isometric contraction in order to develop strength; an example is when someone attempts to curl one arm upwards but is held by using equal resistance from the other arm. attempting to lift an immoveable object holding a weight at arms length some wrestling movements Isokinetic Similar to the isotonic contraction, the Isokinetic contraction causes the muscle to shorten as it gains tension. The difference is Isokinetic requires a constant speed over the entire range of motion, therefore this type of contraction require special equipment to exercise properly. An example is an arm stroke when swimming, the even resistance from the water offers a constant speed at maximal contractions. Sliding Filament Theory The sliding filament theory is the basic summary of the process of skeletal muscle contraction. Myosin moves along the filament by repeating a binding and releasing sequence that causes the thick filament to move over the thinner filament. This progresses in sequential stages. By progressing through this sequence the filaments slide and the skeletal muscles contract and release. First Stage: The first stage is when the impulse gets to the unit. The impulse travels along the axon and enters the muscle through the neuromuscular junction. This causes full two to regulate and calcium channels in the axon membrane to then open. Calcium ions come from extra cellular fluid and move into the axon terminal causing synaptic vessels to fuse with pre synaptic membranes. This causes the release of acetylcholine (a substance that works as a transmitter) within the synaptic cleft. As acetylcholine is released it defuses across the gap and attaches itself to the receptors along the sarcolemma and spreads along and across the muscle fibre. Second Stage: The second stage is for the impulse spreads along the sarcolemma. The action potential spreads quickly along the sarcolemma once it has been generated. This action continues to move deep inside the muscle fibre down to the T tubules and the action potential triggers the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Third Stage: During the third stage calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and actin sites are activated. Calcium ions once released begin binding to Troponin. Tropomyosin blocking the binding of actin is what causes the chain of events that lead to muscle contraction. As calcium ions bind to the Troponin it changes shape which removes the blocking action of Tropomyosin (thin strands of protein that are wrapped around the actin filaments). Actin active sites are then exposed and allow myosin heads to attach to the site. Fourth Stage: The fourth stage then begins in which myosin heads attach to actin and form cross bridges, ATP is also broken down during this stage. Myosin binds at this point to the exposed binding sites and through the sliding filament mechanism the muscles contract. Fifth Stage: During the fifth stage the myosin head pulls the Actin filament and ADP and inorganic Phosphates are released. ATP binding allows the myosin to detach and ATP hydrolysis occurs during this time. This recharges the myosin head and then the series starts over again. Stage Six: Cross bridges detach while new ATP molecules are attaching to the myosin head while the myosin head is in the low-energy configuration. Cross bridge detachment occurs while new ATP attaches itself to the myosin head. New ATP attaches itself to the myosin head during this process. Stage Seven: During stage seven the ATP is broken down and used as energy for the other areas including new cross bridge formation. Then the final stage (stage 8) begins and a drop in stimulus causes the calcium concentrate and this decreases the muscle relaxation. Below is an example of how sliding filament theory works How the muscular system responds to exercise How muscles work Muscles fall in to two types: Voluntary and involuntary. Brain stimulation through a signal to voluntary muscles makes them work to do a task like pulling. There is no brain stimulation for involuntary muscles. When people exercise their voluntary muscles, they more efficiently they function. When functioning efficiently, it is easier for people to do their work. Muscles will function with greater efficiency and ease when they have regular exercise. This is known as the first lesson of exercise Muscular exercise and the affects of exercise on the muscles Inside the muscles nerves relay messages to and from the brain. Food is bought to the muscles by blood vessels which do the work that the brain has ordered. When muscles are exercised, they convert a substance known as glucose into energy. During exercise, heat is produced and carbon dioxide is given off as a waste product. Short term effects: When we begin to exercise the body has to respond to the change in activity level in order to maintain a constant internal environment (homeostasis). Here are the changes which must take place to the muscles so that the exercise can be performed: The higher rate of muscle contraction depletes energy stores and so stimulates a higher rate of energy metabolism. The bodys energy stores are slowly depleted Myoglobin releases its stored oxygen to use in aerobic respiration. O2 can now be diffused into the muscle from the capillaries more quickly due to the decreased O2 concentration in the muscle. Long term effects: Increased numbers of mitochondria (the cells powerhouse) means an increase in the rate of energy production. The muscles, bones and ligaments become stronger to cope with the additional stresses and impact put through them. with the additional stresses and impact put through them. The amount of myoglobin within skeletal muscle increases, which allows more Oxygen to be stored within the muscle, and transported to the mitochondria. Muscles are capable of storing a larger amount of glycogen for energy. Enzymes involved in energy production become more concentrated and efficient to aid the speed of metabolism. Benefits of exercise Muscles are working hard during exercise, which is good for them. The harder they are worked over time, the more they can do. Muscles must have the proper intake of food (in the shape of protein, complex carbohydrates and fats) along with sufficient water to achieve the maximum amount of work possible. Contraction of a muscle makes it a more efficient tool. Contraction with resistance aids the muscle growth and increases its capacity for future demands. Multiple contractions through exercise brings about the greatest efficiencies.

That Was Then This Is Now :: essays research papers

The 70’s life style was wild, free, and uncontrolled. Teenagers did whatever they wanted. They partied, stole things, sold drugs, and participated in gang fights. Today, teenagers are more disciplined and have more restrictions. Parents and police are aware of teenager’s lies and trick’s and their participation in unsafe activities. According to S.E.Hinton’s novel, That Was Then, This Is Now, the freedom teenagers have in today’s society is comparably less than the freedoms experienced by teenagers back then. The main characters in the novel, Mark and Bryon which is compared to experiences typical teenagers today encounter. With, all the responsibilities most parents had back then, it seemed like their children weren’t a priority. Most, parents allowed their children to leave the house to do what ever the teens wanted. Teenagers could walk freely with friends with no supervision. If teenagers were injured in fights parents wouldn’t bother to care. Parents back then didn’t realize the hazards and safety concerns of the outside world. Parents would allow their children to go with friends, making no restrictions on curfew, or the activity they were taking part in. Parents were also caught up in the more important things in their life for example working long hours to put food on the table and provide shelter and clothes for their family members. In the novel Bryon realized and stated â€Å"Mom never worried about Mark and me,† Pg 105. Today, parents are more aware of the dangers that can affect their children because of information from T.V news reports and media. Parents also f ear for the safety of their children and if they are getting involved with the wrong friends so they have constant surveillance. ie. Cell phones â€Å"firefly,† and Internet Chat. The surveillance of police in the past 40 years has drastically increased. Police were unaware of the effects teenagers could have on society. Policed believed that teenagers were still kids and couldn’t cause a lot of trouble. The novel proves that police didn’t worry about patrolling or searching for trouble that may involve teenagers because Bryon said â€Å"The police didn’t know about the hippie house, it was safe,† Pg 121. Cops or police didn’t worry or think that teenager’s would do awful things to affect others or themselves. Police had less surveillance over gangs and criminals. At present, police are always patrolling the malls, streets, and schools searching for gangs and violent or drug related situations.

Boy Soldiers in the First World War

A. Plan of Investigation The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate how allowing underage soldiers to fight affected Kitchener’s Army during the First World War. To examine this, the investigation will focus on the increase of soldiers in Britain’s army, and out of those, how many were under the required recruitment age of 18. Also, the increase in casualties that occurred due to inexperienced, underage soldiers will be assessed. Lastly, the social issues that arose due to young boys being allowed on the Western Front will be examined.The investigation will be conducted using a variety of sources, the main source being Boy Soldiers of the Great War by Richard Van Emden, which will be evaluated for it’s origins, purposes, values and limitations. B. Summary of Evidence Increased Enlistment Rates in Kitchener’s Army ?During August of 1914, Britain’s Army had approximately 750,000 men ? Lord Kitchener (Field-Marshall) needed at least another 500,0 00 soldiers to fight in the war. In August 1914, Lord Kitchener started an intense recruitment campaign that used many propaganda posters saying things like â€Å"Your Country Needs You† and â€Å"A Call To Arms† which encouraged many men and youths to enlist. ?By September 1914, over 500,000 men had enlisted to Britain’s Army ? It is approximated that a quarter of those soldiers were under the required recruitment age of eighteen. ?These boys enlisted for many reasons: to fulfill their own patriotism, to join friends who were also enlisting, or to even get away from their own parents. By the end of the war, more than a quarter of a million boy soldiers fought for Britain in World War One. Increased Casualties Due to Inexperienced Underage Soldiers ?Many soldiers would become emotionally and physically unstable when facing the horrors of war, and experience â€Å"shell shock†. ?Especially in underage boys who were not used to witnessing death, soldiers wo uld panic and act hysterically ? Many soldiers who suffered from shell shock would run from the trenches, and be executed for desertion or cowardice. ?Over 300British soldiers were court-martialed and executed by fellow British soldiers ? Young (and old) soldiers resorted to suicide in the trenches, due to shell shock, however the exact number of suicides is not known because it is too hard to track ? Training for all soldiers was a short period of time before heading off to the front lines, and for soldiers under age eighteen, no amount of training could prepare them mentally of physically for trench warfare ? Because of their lack of training, young soldiers were usually not the best soldiers and would be killed easilyIncrease of Social Concern ?Many boy soldiers joined the army without telling their parents, so mothers and fathers were very worried, and wanted their sons to be sent back home ? Sir Arthur Markham (Liberal MP for Mansfield) was known for fighting throughout the dur ation of World War One, to get the underage soldiers sent back home to their families ? Not only were the parents of the young boys concerned, but people in general were hearing gruesome stories of war, and were upset that boys as young as fourteen were involved D. AnalysisDuring World War One, over 8 million brave soldiers fought for Britain, all of them at various ages and stages of their lives. During Lord Kitchener’s recruitment campaign in 1914 , thousands of soldiers enlisted for a variety of reasons. Out of these soldiers, more than 250,000 of them were under the age of eighteen . Boy soldiers that had been allowed to enlist affected Kitchener’s Army because of increased recruitment rates, a rise in casualties due to inexperienced, underage soldiers, and a growing social concern about these young boys.By August 1914, Britain’s Army was in desperate need of more men to fight against the Germans . Throughout the same month, the field-marshall at that time, Lord Kitchener, launched a forceful campaign to recruit soldiers by using propaganda posters with phrases like â€Å"Your Country Needs You† and â€Å"A Call To Arms†. This campaign was extremely successful and by September of 1914 the recruitment rates of the army increased significantly. Not only had hundreds of thousands of men enlisted, but boys had been allowed to join as well.These young boys chose to lie about their age and enlist for a variety of reasons: their own sense of patriotism, wanting to follow friends/family into war, pressure from their own cities and towns, and even wanting to get away from austere parents . At this point of World War One, expanding Britain’s Army was the primary goal, not necessarily recruiting the ‘right’ type of soldier. Although these underage men were beneficial to Lord Kitchener’s Army by augmenting the number of combatants, these boys were still extremely young, and had not fathomed the horrors of w ar.After soldiers had officially joined, all men and boys were subject to an exceedingly short period of time dedicated to training , after which they would immediately be sent to the front lines. For soldiers that were as young as 14 years old, no amount of training could prepare them physically or mentally for trench warfare. As a result of this, there was an increase in casualties within Kitchener’s Army because boy soldiers were usually not the best fighters, and would be killed easily. Also, many youths were not used to witnessing death and would experience â€Å"shell shock† in the trenches .One young boy described his experiences in the trenches , saying, â€Å"It was hell, absolute hell. † By not taking the time to verify a soldier’s age, and not allowing for a more extensive training period, Lord Kitchener unknowingly sent these young soldiers to their deaths, deaths that could have been prevented. â€Å"We were doing things we knew nothing abou t. † stated on sixteen-year-old. This â€Å"hell† earlier described would cause soldiers to panic, act hysterically, run from the trenches, or even commit suicide.These unfortunate injuries and deaths demonstrated how Lord Kitchener seemed to favour quantity over quality, which, in a military sense, is a poor idea. These unnecessary casualties affected Kitchener’s Army, not only in a numerical way, but it also produced a great social concern, which, in turn, affected the British Army. Seeing as the required recruitment age was eighteen, a majority of the boy soldiers joined Kitchener’s Army without telling their parents, causing much worry amongst the families of these young boys. The British people’s view on the government and the British Army changed and thought that by allowing nderage boys into the army, â€Å"[Families] have been tricked, deceived, and lied to, in the most scandalous and un-English fashion. † This worry then turned into anger, and families started fighting to get their sons off of the Western Front and back home. This presented a serious issue to the British Army because, according to the enlistment laws, allowing underage soldier’s into the army was against the law, and they had not only numerous upset families writing them letters regarding their sons, but several politicians had started a campaign to bring the young boys home.One of the most well known political leaders of this campaign was liberal MP Sir Arthur Markham who continually questioned Lord Kitchener and the Under Secretary of War what they were going to about these underage boys in the trenches, and insisted that â€Å"no system of enlistment can be satisfactory which allows boys like that to be taken. † By allowing these immature boys to enter into World War One, Kitchener’s Army lost support from his own country, as the general public would not tolerate sending innocent boys into such a harsh environment.

Citizen Kane

Citizen Kane is considered a great American movie. It is from 1940, but people could not view it without controversy till 1950. It is typical of American films because it is in English, and its production refers to American culture. The film industry of the 1930s thrived on a felicitous circle of economic dependence on attendance, exhibition, and production. (226). The movie is pointed at William Randolph Hearst and the printing industry. When Hearst learned through gossip of Orson Welles' film, he set out to protect his reputation by shutting the film down. Hollywood executives rallied around Hearst, attempting to buy the film in order to burn the negative. At the same time, Hearst's defenders moved to intimidate exhibitors into refusing to show the movie. Threats of blackmail, smears in the newspapers, and FBI investigations were used in the effort. Hearst's movement was successful. It would be nearly a quarter of a century before Citizen Kane was revitalized - before Wel!les would gain acknowledgment for having created one of cinema's great masterpieces.Arthur Knight said, "Less by imitation than by inspiration, Citizen Kane has altered the look not only of American films, but of films the world over." Formulas for story construction, characterization, casting, dcor, music, and photography dominated Hollywoods films. A key principle in the selection of story material was- and remains-simply that an idea that had worked before would probably work again. (228). Films were not seen special, individual conceptions but tended to bunch together as types, in cycles. Citizen Kane broke that tradition. The unique techniques, structure, and parallelism in plot change the way movies have been made in previous times. It was confusing and shocking to its audience. Every aspect of the production marked an advance in film language: the deep-focus, deeply shadowed cinematography; the discontinuous ...

Research Paper on Anne Frank

Research Paper on Anne Frank The struggles that a person pursues makes for a strong character. A unique perspective of a young girls struggles is chronicled in Anne Franks: The Diary of a Young Girl. It is a compelling example of a young Jewish girl maturing rapidly in the two years between the ages of 13 and 15 while hiding from the Nazis during World War II. These are the two years in which change is so swift and difficult for every young girl. Her numbness to the atrocities of war, her despair at her own situation and her hope and belief in the human spirit in the face of the horrors of war and Nazi persecution make Anne Franks character stronger. Anne develops and shows an apparent numbness to the accounts of atrocities committed by the Nazis. She relates a news account of what happens to Nazi resistors in a matter-of-fact manner. Anne writes, Have you ever heard the term Ð ¡hostages? Leading citizens innocent people are taken prisoner to await their execution. If the Gestapo cant find the saboteur, they simply grab five hostages and line them up against the wall. You read the announcements in the paper of their deaths being Fatal accidents. (October 9, 1942). The manner in which Anne relates this account shows a kind of acceptance of what is happening. It does not seem to horrify her or outrage her. Living in the Annexe has had a soothing effect on Anne. She retreats to her world and sees the war outside the Annexe as distant. In her diary Anne writes, And every night hundreds of planes fly over Holland and go to German towns, where the earth is ploughed up by their bombs. It is quiet and safe here wait as calmly as we can till the misery comes to an end. (June 13, 1943). This entry shows Annes acceptance of the situation she is in. She sees and hears about what is happening to the Jews but feels separated, unaffected by it. She has become insulated in the Annexe, separated from the war. As time passes, Anne becomes used to the sights and sounds of war. Anne writes, Before a quarter of an hour had passed the shooting started up again. Mrs. Van Daan sat bolt upright at once and then went downstairs to Mr. Dussels room, seeking there the rest which she could not find with her spouse. Dussel received her with the words come into my bed, my child! which sent us off into uncontrollable laughter. The gunfire bothered us no longer, our fear was banished. (May 18, 1943). This shows Annes acceptance of the sounds of war. Unable to do anything about it, unable to escape it, it becomes a part of daily life. Although Anne tries to see something positive in most situations and remain optimistic, she at times falls into great depths of despair and she becomes angry or deeply saddened. On the subject of her heritage, after hearing how the Germans are treating the Jewish population of Germany through BBC broadcasts, Anne becomes very angry and hurt because she too is German. She writes, Fine specimens of humanity, those Germans, and to think that Im actually one of them! (October 9, 1942). The indignation in Annes writing is evident. She is angry with those Germans who started and supported this war. Her despair is brought on by the betrayal she feels at the hands of her own countrymen. Anne is frustrated at not being in control of the situation she finds herself in. Her despair is heightened by the fact she feels helpless to do anything. Anne writes, Ive reached the point where I hardly care whether I live or die. The world will keep on turning without me, and I cant do anything to change events anyway. Ill just let matters take their course (February 3, 1944). This shows that Anne feels that she cannot affect any change to what is going on around her. Her feelings of helplessness and resolve to accept whatever will happen show her despair. When news that there does not seem to be a quick end to the war, Annes despair over her life and her situation come to the forefront, even though she tries to be courageous and not show it in front of the others. In her diary Anne writes, but the minute I was alone I knew I was going to cry my eyes out. I slid to the floor in my nightgown and began by saying my prayers, very fervently. Then I drew my knees to my chest, lay my head on my arms and cried, huddles up on the bare floor. A loud sob brought me back down to earth (April 5, 1944). This shows Annes struggles with her emotions. She feels frustrated and angry and helpless, yet she puts on a brave face in front of the others and lets her feelings come out only when she is alone. Throughout her time hiding in the Annexe, Anne never lets go of her belief in the strength of the human spirit. Anne believes that there is good in everyone. She writes Its really a wonder that I havent dropped all my ideals, because they seem so absurd and impossible to carry out. Yet I keep them, because in spite of everything I still believe that people are really good at heart. (July 15, 1944). Faith in the goodness of the person and the spirit has not been lost. Anne still believes that people are good at the core even though sometimes they act oppositely. Anne holds out hope that people will do the right thing when she hears news of an attempt on Hitlers life. She writes, Now I am getting really hopeful, now things are going well at last. Yes, really, theyre going well! Super news! An attempt has been made on Hitlers life and not even by Jewish communists or English capitalists this time, but by a proud German general and it certainly shows that there are lots of officers and generals who are sick of the war and would like to see Hitler descend into a bottomless pit. ( July 21, 1944). This reinforces Annes belief that people are good deep down, and want to do what is right. Anne has hope for the future. She writes, It is utterly impossible for me to build my life on a foundation of chaos, suffering and death I somehow feel that everything will change for the better, that this cruelty too shall end, that peace and tranquility will return once more. (July 15, 1944). Despite all, Anne sees and feels that things will change. She truly believes that there is hope for a better future.

St. Padre Pio Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

St. Padre Pio - Research Paper Example When Padre Pio reached the age of 15, he was admitted into the Capuchin Order and took the name of Pio, celebrating Saint Pius. While Pio was recognized to be a pious and highly spiritual being, he had frequent trouble continuing his studies because of his suffering health. Doctors were unable to properly diagnose the illness, yet Pio was often suffering from prolonged periods of ill health and a fear of a premature death. He was given the title of priest in the year 1910, but was made to stay at home to either improve upon his health or go to his deathbed. He then returned to the friary to begin his charitable works and his spiritual mission (Ruffin, pg 16-19). On an occasion when Pio was lost in prayer in front of the crucifix, he was blessed with a vision. Pio claimed that an unknown person had appeared in front of his eyes and the person’s hands, feet, and the sides of his body were all pouring blood. As soon as the image vanished, Pio noticed that his own hands, feet, and the side of his body were pouring blood. This was known as Pio’s visible Stigmata, which was the cause for his initial popularity amongst the Christian community and the reason that people began to come to the Saint for cures to their problems and illnesses. Pio bore the marks of the Stigmata for 50 years of his life. The Stigmata represents the wounds and bearings of Christ upon crucifixion and are a Holy mark and symbol of suffering, which was also borne by St. Francis before Pio. The blood pouring from the wounds was said to have an odor like perfume and flowers which is also known as the â€Å"odor of sanctity†. Pio’s wounds only closed a few hours before his death (Thomas, pg 43-45). During his life, Pio was said to have suffered from multiple illnesses and was constantly suffering from ill health. Amongst some of the illnesses he suffered was typhoid fever, constant vomiting, loss of sleep, and migraine attacks.

Houston Baptist University Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Houston Baptist University - Essay Example The concept of organizational development is informed by the awareness of the impact of macro-economic forces on the performance, stability, and sustainability of the organization’s core processes (Anderson, 2012). The phenomena of globalization and the liberalization of the market economies have increased the necessity of organizations to undertake measures necessary to shield their internal systems and core processes from the disruptive nature of unregulated markets and adverse global economic forces. Organizational development is controlled by a range of factors that include the changing of the structures of the organization and the adoption of applications that effectively shield the organization from the negative consequences of the external environment (Kondalkar, 2009). In essence, it is possible to understand organizational development from the perspective of strategy and planning. The awareness of external threats requires the engaging of multiple strategies that minimize the impact of such forces on the stability and performance of the organization. Comparative analyses have shown that firms that embrace the concept of organizational development are more resilient in the wake of external challenges as compared to those that are less focused on the same (Kondalkar, 2009). Changes in technology have made it necessary for corporations and businesses to adopt policies of organizational development in order for them to prevail against the various forms of pressure and challenges emanating from the fluid nature of the markets. Executives use organizational development as a tool for harnessing the synergies within the work force and for establishing suitable environments for nurturing positive corporate values (Cheung-Judge & Holbeche, 2011). Usually, the approaches used in organizational development are consistent with various theories of organizational improvement such as total quality management.

Advertisements Should Be More Responsible Essay

Advertisements Should Be More Responsible - Essay Example However, when this influence of the advertisements starts to have adverse effects on people’s life, it is important for the business organizations and importantly their advertising companies to take key responsibilities. That is, as advertisements are persuasive to the potential audience, it needs to be non-emotional but logical, truthful, objective, impartial, accurate, avoids causing public harm, and does not dubiously target children. Otherwise, they are prone to opposition from consumers, consumer bodies, governmental agencies, and general public. The focus will be on how certain advertisements have irresponsible content and message thereby necessitating advertising industry or sector along with businesses to be more responsible while reaching and persuading its audience base. An advertisement, being a powerful medium, can effectively reach millions of people living in every nook and corner of the world. The reason for the advertisements to be a valuable communication platform is their effective persuasion and influential capabilities. However, advertising companies can seize this opportunity with a commercial motive, and so that can have many adverse effects on the viewers and the society as a whole. Advertisers seem to utilize the customers’ attitude and behavior to their discreet advantage by creating captivating images, providing inaccurate information, and misleading claims. Though it might be the free will of consumers to choose the products and brands which they want, it is a fact that advertisements can directly or subtly persuade them in doing so by creating an emotional trigger. â€Å"An ad succeeds at making us feel something—whether its good or bad—and that emotional response can have a profound effect on how we think and the choices we make† (Dachis). This clearly implies that success of any brand is solely defined by the consumers attitude towards the product or

National Security Council Essay Example for Free

National Security Council Essay The recent trend characterizing the US security policy is the gradual strengthening of the National Security Council. Under G. Bush administration this body gained significant power and influence. In this paper I’m going to investigate the reasons for this trend as well its advantages and disadvantages. In the international practice, National Security Council is generally defined as an executive body coordinating national security issues. National Security Council consists of the heads of departments involved in diplomacy and defense with a relatively small number of staff members. The US National Security Council was established in 1947 and substantially amended in 1949; the same year it was placed in the Executive Office of the President. The powers and influence of the US NSC has been gradually increasing during the second half of the 20th centuries; this trend is evident presently, too. As for the structure of the council, it is chaired by the President and encompasses Vice President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, the Secretary of Defense, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff as the statutory military advisor to the Council, the Director of Central Intelligence as the intelligence advisor. The Chief of Staff to the President, Counsel to the President, and the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy have a right to be present at any meeting of the Council; others can be invited to attend NSC meeting if appropriate. The functions of the NSC are â€Å"considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinet officials. † (National Security Council official website, http://www. whitehouse. gov/nsc/) Every President made major or minor change in the powers and functions of the NSC in order to adjust it to his own management style. The ultimate goal of the NSC under Bush administration is to ensure collegiality among different departments coordinating military and diplomatic issues. But the functions of the NSC nowadays are much wider. The expert report that â€Å"the NSC today conducts ongoing relations with the media, Congress, the American public, and foreign governments. † (Daalder Destler, 2000, A New NSC for a New Administration, http://www. brookings. edu/comm/policybriefs/pb68. htm) Even the official sources define the Council as â€Å"as a means of controlling and managing competing departments† and it’s functioning â€Å"depended in no small degree upon the interpersonal chemistry between the President and his principal advisers and department heads. † (Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, History of the National Security Council, http://www. fas. org/irp/offdocs/NSChistory. htm) The NSC is refered to as the â€Å"key foreign policy player in every administration since John F. Kennedys. † (Daalder Destler†¦) I strongly deem that the trend of NSC becoming more influential reflects the general trend of Presidential power becoming more authoritative. The fact that Condoleeza Rice rivals Colin Powell in influence is to a certain extent causes to the relations between Condoleeza Rice and the President. Another reason is that she had been an influential public figure in academic and political circles before joining the NSC. Karl Inderfurth and Loch Johnson (2004, p. 180) in their book Fateful Decisions: Inside the National Security Council states that â€Å"Rice perhaps most closely resembles McGeorge Bundy, of the Kennedy Administration, who was the first non-invisible national-security adviser†¦Ã¢â‚¬  George Bush in the first National Security Presidential Directive stated that â€Å"The NSC shall meet at my direction. † (National Security Presidential Directive, 2001, http://www. fas.org/irp/offdocs/nspd/nspd-1. htm) The positive side of it is that the President can quickly obtain a qualified advice when needed. The negative side is that the NSC is an easy tool for controlling and redefining diplomatic and military policy of the county without consulting other major defense bodies. The same Directive states: â€Å"Except for those established by statute, other existing NSC interagency groups, ad hoc bodies, and executive committees are also abolished as of March 1, 2001, unless they are specifically reestablished as subordinate working groups within the new NSC system as of that date. † George Bush adjusted the Council to his own needs approximately after a year in the office. This is one more important reason why the President relies more on the NSC than on traditional bureaucracy. The structure of the NSC is relatively transparent and clear; it includes a limited number of members, although it has grown in size recently and resembles a governmental agency rather than an advisory committee. I would like to elaborate on another factor that contributes to the situation with the NSC. After the tragic events of 9/11 George Bush established the Office of Homeland Security under the governance of Tom Ridge, the President’s close friend. The functions of the NSC and the OHS often overlap; the possibility of the NSC becoming hegemonic in the sphere of homeland security decreased. Still, its role in the national security is hard to overestimate. Daalder Destler (2000) propose a clear list of reasons why the NSC evolved in the key agent in defence and foreign policy. They state that it was caused by â€Å"the half-century development and legitimization of the NSC as presidential coordinator for mainstream national security issues†¦[and]†¦the post-cold war expansion of the foreign policy agenda, with more issues that require coordination across more agencies†¦[and]†¦the deepening of partisanship in Washington, particularly over the last decade. † It’s hard to give a solely positive or negative evaluation of this trend. From one angle, the NSC is flexible and is able to react rapidly to any security threat. It may seem rational to grant excessive powers to the NSC. There would be no need to employ the bureaucratic machine of numerous agencies dealing with diplomacy, military aspects and homeland security. The NSC should be organized in such a way so that â€Å"the president can make clear foreign policy choices in a timely manner. † (Daalder Destler ) Daalder Destler study emphasises that the NSC major task is integrating the US foreign and defence policy, and it’s of high importance in the era of global terrorism. From another angle, the NSC is powered by the President, and there exists much space for manipulation. Recently, the NSC doesn’t manage efficiently with coordinating the national security bodies. For instance, some tension exists in relations between the NSC and the agencies like CIA. Now let me proceed with drawing the final conclusion of the paper. There exists a clear trend of the National Security Council becoming more influential and powerful under the George Bush administration; this happens for compelling reasons. The positive or negative evaluation of his trend largely depends on the degree of efficiency of the NSC organization and functioning. References 1. The White House, National Security Council http://www. whitehouse. gov/nsc/ Last accessed: 15 Oct 2004 2. Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State, History of the National Security Council, 1947-1997 http://www. fas. org/irp/offdocs/NSChistory. htm Last accessed: 15 Oct 2004 3.National Security Presidential Directive, February 13, 2001 http://www. fas. org/irp/offdocs/nspd/nspd-1. htm Last accessed: 15 Oct 2004 4. The Brookings Institution, Foreign Policy Studies, Daalder, I. H. , Destler, I. M. , A New NSC for a New Administration, Nov 2000 http://www. brookings. edu/comm/policybriefs/pb68. htm Last accessed: 15 Oct 2004 5. Inderfurth, K. F. , Johnson, L. K. 2004. Fateful Decisions: Inside the National Security Council. Oxford University Press.